02. Reporting verbs. Reporting a conversation. Reported statement

Введение

Косвенная речь может быть представлена косвенными утверждениями, вопросами, приказами и просьбами.

Reported speech can be given in reported statements, reported questions, orders and requests.

На этом уроке вы познакомитесь с косвенными утверждениями - Reported statements.

Повтор правила согласования времен и изменение наречий времени

Если вы пересказываете чьи-то слова, обратите внимание на три пункта, которые, вероятнее всего, вам придется изменить:

• verb tense ( backshift) (глагольная форма)

• adverbs of time and place/demonstrative pronouns (наречия времени и места/указательные местоимения)

• pronouns (местоимения)

Эти изменения происходят в соответствии с правилом согласования времен (Sequence of Tenses Rule) и логикой повествования.

Пример:  

Change in adverbs of place and time and demonstrative pronouns

Don’t you think it’s boring to say: “He said”, “She said” over and over again. Fortunately, there are a lot of reporting verbs in English.

Reporting verbs can express either what a person feels (person’s point of view) or what you think about his or her words (your point of view to his/her words). To report someone’s words accurately, you will need to use a verb with the correct sense of meaning.

Change in tenses (a back shift)

Say/tell

Хорошо, что в английском языке много глаголов, которые помогают передавать чьи-то слова, иначе речь звучала бы скучно: Она сказала…, он сказал….(She/he/they SAID ...)

Такие глаголы сообщения помогают точнее выразить, что человек чувствует, его точку зрения или что думает говорящий o чьих-то словах.

Чтобы правильно передать чью-то речь, необходимо использовать глагол сообщения с правильным значением.

Самые распространенные глаголы сообщения – say и tell. У них одинаковое значение – говорить; однако используем мы их по-разному.

Упражнения

Упражнение 1

Вставьте said или told в предложения.

Put said /told in the sentence.

1. She _____ me (that) she loved John.

2. They ______ (that) they were happy.

3. He ________ everybody (that) he had to leave.

4. Anne _______me (that) her brother was buying a car.

5. Alice ______ to Mike (that) he was wearing a nice suit.

6. She ______ (that) it was raining.

7. Lisa _____ me (that) she would call at 2p.m.

Правильные ответы:

1. She told me (that) she loved John.

2. They said (that) they were happy.

3. He told everybody (that) he had to leave.

4. Anne told me (that) her brother was buying a car.

5. Alice said to Mike (that) he was wearing a nice suit.

6. She said (that) it was raining.

7. Lisa told me (that) she would call at 2 p.m.

Упражнение 2

Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи.

Here are sentences in reported speech. Rewrite them in direct speech.

1. Dave said, “I was playing tennis from 3 to 5 p.m. yesterday.”

2. He told us, “My mother has called me today.\"

3. She said, “Ken doesn’t want to do this exercise.”

4. Mary told her father, “I’ll be late tonight.”

5. Jim said “I gave her this book two days ago.”

Правильные ответы:

1. Dave said he had been playing tennis from 3 to 5p.m. the day before.

2. He told us his mother had called that day.

3. She said Ken didn’t want to do this exercise.

4. Mary told her father she would be late that night.

5. Jim said that he had given her that book two days before.

No tense backshift

When the reporting verb is in the Past Simple tense, the verbs in the reported statements usually go one step backwards. But there are some rules when you can keep the verbs in Reported Speech in Present.

• The reporting verb is in the Present Simple, Present Perfect, or Future.

• The reporting facts are still true.

Reporting verbs

Существуют еще глаголы сообщения, которые можно использовать вместо say и tell.

Однако с ними нужно быть внимательными при переходе из прямой речи в косвенную, так как эти глаголы влияют на структуру предложения, которое за ним следует.

Вот несколько структур.

Примечание

После некоторых глаголов можно использовать разные структуры.

Глагол сообщение + (союз that) придаточное предложение (используем правило согласования времен)

Verb (that) clause. (This is the same as with the verb SAY)

Agree – соглашаться

She said, “I will marry you.”

She agreed that she would marry him.

Decide – решать

John said, “I will see him on Sunday.”

John decided that he would meet him on Sunday.

Explain – объяснять

The teacher said: “This is the rule of Sequence of tenses.”

The teacher explained that was the rule of Sequence of tenses.

Promise – обещать

David said, “I will take you to the station.”

David promised that he would take me to the station.

Следующая структура отличается! Здесь вам не понадобится правило согласования времен, так как после глагола сообщения нужно использовать ИНФИНИТИВ.

Глагол сообщение + инфинитив глагола из предложения прямой речи.

Verb + to infinitive

Agree – соглашаться

She said, “I will marry you.”

She agreed to marry him.

Decide – решать

John said, “I will see him on Sunday.”

John decided to see him on Sunday.

Promise – обещать

David said, “I will take you to the station.”

David promised to take me to the station.

Offer – предлагать

Camilla said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”

Camilla offered to go to the cinema.

Refuse – отказывать

He said, “I do not want to go with you.”

He refused to go with me.

Вы познакомитесь с еще несколькими структурами, изучая приказы и просьбы в косвенной речи.

Упражнение

Перепишите предложение в косвенной речи, заполняя пропуски глаголами из таблицы.

1. “I promise I'll take you to Prague,” said Mary.

Mary _________ to take me to Prague.

2. “I am not going to do it,” she said.

She _______ to do it.

3. “Would you like some tea,” she said.

 She _______ to have a cup of tea.

4. Chris said, “Yes, it was a great film.”
Chris ________that the film had been great.

5. Angela said, “I will be an architect.”

Angela _____ that she would be an architect.

6. Tom said: “I am late because I missed the bus.”

Tom _______that he was late because he had missed the bus.

Правильные ответы:

1. “I promise I'll take you to Prague,” said Mary.

 Mary promised to take me to Prague. / Mary promised that she would take me to Prague.

2. “I am not going to do it,” she said.

She refused to do it.

3. “Would you like some tea,” she said.

 She offered to have a cup of tea.

4. Chris: Yes, it was a great film.
Chris agreed that the film had been great.

5. Angela said, “I will be an architect.”

Angela decided (that) she would be an architect. / Angela decided to be an architect.

6. Tom said: “I am late because I missed the bus.”

Tom explained that he was late because he had missed the bus.

Список литературы

1. Афанасьева О.В., Михеева И.В. Английский язык 8 класс. – М.: Дрофа, 2007.

2. Биболетова М.З., Трубанева Н.Н. Английский язык 7 класс. – Титул, 2012.

3. Голицынский Ю. Грамматика Сборник упражнений (издание 6). – Каро, 2007.

4. К.И. Кауфман, М.Ю. Кауфман. Английский язык: Счастливый английский.ру/ Happy English.ru: 7/8 класс. – Титул, 2012.

5. Кузовлев В.П., Лапа Н.М., Перегудова Э.Ш. и др. Английский язык, 8 класс. – М.: Просвещение, 2009.

  Дополнительные рекомендованные ссылки на ресурсы сети Интернет

1. Eslbase.com (Источник).

2. Eltbase.com (Источник).

3. Eslbase.com (Источник).

Домашнее задание

Вставьте say или tell в предложения:

1. Anthony_____ that he was hungry.

2. Tara_____ me that you were ill.

3. He______ everybody that he is French.

4. The doctor _______ her: “Lie on the couch.”

5. She ______, “That's a great idea!”

Перепишите предложение в косвенной речи, используя глаголы из таблицы как глаголы сообщения.

1. She said: “I won’t give you any money.”

2. He said: “I will the washing up.”

3. We said to them: “We were happy to see you.”

4. I said: “Will you have a cup of coffee?”

5. He said: “I’ll bring this book to you tomorrow.”