27. Adverbs. Degrees of comparison. Наречия. Степени сравнения

Роль наречия в предложении

Наречия могут относиться к глаголам, прилагательным и другим наречиям, наделяя их дополнительным значением. Наречия могут отвечать на вопросы как?, когда?, где? и до какой степени?.

Когда: soon, early, late, tomorrow, yesterday, now, etc.

Как: well, badly, quickly, fast, high(ly), carefully, etc.

Где: everywhere, here, there, inside, up, near, etc.

До какой степени (на сколько): extremely, very, really, rather, quite, almost, etc.

Пример:        

Ella sings beautifully. (how?)

Spring will come soon. (when?)

You can leave your things here. (where?)

She is quite a pretty girl. (to what extent?)

Наречные обороты с прилагательным на –ly

Наречия в английском языке образуются путем добавления суффикса -ly к прилагательным.

Пример:        

clean – cleanly

careful – carefully

Обратите внимание на некоторые особенности:

если прилагательное заканчивается на -y, то при образовании наречия -y меняется на i и только потом добавляется -ly;

Пример:

happy – happily

clumsy – clumsily

noisy – noisily

НО:

dry – dryly

sly – slyly

wry – wryly

если прилагательное заканчивается на -le, то при образовании наречия мы отбрасываем конечную -е и добавляем -y;

Пример:

simple – simply

miserable – miserably

subtle – subtly

если прилагательное заканчивается на -е, то при образовании наречия мы добавляем -ly;

Пример:

complete – completely

НО:

true – truly

whole – wholly

если прилагательное заканчивается на -ic, то при образовании наречия мы добавляем -ally;

Пример:

automatic – automatically

dramatic – dramatically

emphatic – emphatically

если прилагательное заканчивается на -ful, то при образовании наречия мы добавляем -ly.

Пример:

beautiful – beautifully

merciful – mercifully

careful – carefully

Давайте потренируемся перефразировать предложения, используя наречия вместо прилагательных:

1. He gave a brief answer.

2. The angry neighbour shouted.

3. There was a heavy rain yesterday.

4. Jack is a fatal dancer.

5. We expressed our whole agreement.

6. He gave us a dry look.

7. She was careful with the baby.

8. The drop of the temperature was dramatic.

9. Her touch is subtle.

Проверьте себя:

1. He answered briefly.

2. The neighbour shouted angrily.

3. It rained heavily yesterday.

4. Jack dances fatally.

5. We agreed wholly.

6. He looked at us dryly.

7. She acted carefully with the baby.

8. The temperature dropped dramatically.

9. She touched subtly.

Find adverbs in the text «An unusual find»

Практическое задание. Найдите в тексте наречия:

Some great discoveries are made accidentally. In Egypt in 1799 a French army officer was walking slowly. He looked down, saw a highly unusual stone, and examined it quite carefully. The flat, rather large stone was partially buried in the mud. It was quickly pulled from the mud and thoroughly cleaned.

Inscriptions in three languages had been painstakingly carved on the stone. The first inscription was in ancient Egyptian. The second inscription was in somewhat later Egyptian language. The third one was in a more familiar language, Greek. The message was identically stated in the three languages.

Ancient Egyptian writings had previously puzzled scholars. The easily readable Greek finally gave them the needed key. Eventually, the ancient Egyptian writing was translated. Now scholars can read the language fairly easily. Today, the historically important Rosetta Stone is permanently displayed in London’s British Museum.

Проверьте себя:

Some great discoveries are made accidentally. In Egypt in 1799 a French army officer was walking slowly. He looked down, saw a highly unusual stone, and examined it quitecarefully. The flat, rather large stone was partially buried in the mud. It was quickly pulled from the mud and thoroughly cleaned.

Inscriptions in three languages had been painstakingly carved on the stone. The first inscription was in ancient Egyptian. The second inscription was in somewhat later Egyptian language. The third one was in a more familiar language, Greek. The message was identically stated in the three languages.

Ancient Egyptian writings had previously puzzled scholars. The easily readable Greek finally gave them the needed key. Eventually, the ancient Egyptian writing was translated. Now scholars can read the language fairlyeasily. Today, the historically important Rosetta Stone is permanently displayed in London’s British Museum.

Наречия частотности

Существует большая группа наречий частотности. Некоторые из них имеют суффикс -ly, но далеко не все. Расположим их в порядке от наиболее частого к наименее частому:

Always

Almost always

Usually/generally/regularly

Often/frequently

Sometimes

Occasionally

Hardly ever/almost never/rarely/seldom

Never

Some words ending in -ly

Однако, не все слова, заканчивающиеся на -ly, являются наречиями. Большинство таких слов является прилагательными.

Пример:

cowardly, friendly, silly, ugly, lonely

Если же нам все-таки нужно наречие, то мы используем наречный оборот.

Пример:

They greeted us in a friendly way.

He behaved in a silly manner.

Некоторые слова, заканчивающиеся на -ly, могут быть как прилагательными, так и наречиями.

Пример:

hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, monthly

This is a daily magazine. (adjective)

The magazine is delivered daily. (adverb)

Место наречий частотности в предложении

• после глагола to be, если это единственный глагол в предложении;

Пример:

He was always afraid of darkness.

We are sometimes bored at weekends.

• после вспомогательного глагола, если сказуемое состоит более чем из одного глагола;

Пример:

I have never been to Paris.

She has always tried to be polite.

• перед смысловым глаголом, если это единственный глагол в предложении;

Пример:

I often help my mother with housework.

I seldom go to the cinema.

• после подлежащего в вопросительных предложениях;

Пример:

Do you usually get up at 6 o’clock?

в отрицательных предложениях частица not ставится перед наречиями частотности.

Пример:

We do not often see him.

Наречия времени:

Soon, today, yesterday, now, etc.

Наречия места:

Inside, outside, up, down, etc.          

Степени сравнения наречий

Давайте вспомним с вами степени сравнения наречий. Правила образования степеней сравнения наречий очень похожи на правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных. Большинство наречий английского языка состоят из двух и более слогов, таким образом, они образуют свои степени сравнения путем добавления слов more и most. Обратите внимание на наречие early. Оно является исключением.

Пример:

Beautifully – more beautifully – most beautifully

Quickly – more quickly – most quickly

Early – earlier – earliest

I can read more quickly.

Will you speak more loudly?

Наречия, которые имеют такие же формы, как и соответствующие им прилагательные, образуют степени сравнения при помощи суффиксов -er и -est.

Пример:

Fast – faster – fastest

Hard – harder – hardest

It takes longer to get home on foot.

We should work harder if we want to complete the task.

Практические задания

В разговорной речи для двусложных наречий часто используются оба способа образования степеней сравнения.

Пример:

Clearly – clearer / more clearly – clearest / most clearest

Easy – easier / more easy – easiest / the most easy

В английском языке существуют наречия, которые имеют отклоняющиеся формы степеней сравнения:

Well – better – best

Badly – worse – worst

Many / much / a lot – more – most

Little – less –least

Far – farther / further – farthest / furthest

Потренируемся правильно использовать степени сравнения наречий:

The girls now meet (frequently) than a year before. Ann has written her test (well) than Kate. Nick lives (far) from school than I do. Elena is the best singer. She sings (beautifully). They will invite her to the interview (soon) than the other firms. It was a very difficult project. We worked (long) than ever.

Проверьте себя:

The girls now meet more frequently than a year before. Ann has written her test better than Kate. Nick lives farther / further from school than I do. Elena is the best singer. She sings most beautifully. They will invite her to the interview sooner than the other firms. It was a very difficult project. We worked longest than ever.

Список литературы

1. Биболетова М. З., Бабушис Е. Е. Английский язык 9 класс. – 2010.

2. Ваулина Ю. Е., Дули Д. Английский язык 9 класс. – М.: Просвещение, 2010.

3. Кауфман К. И., Кауфман М. Ю. Английский язык 9 класс. – Титул, 2007.

4. Голицынский Ю. Б., Грамматика. Сборник упражнений – Каро, 2011.

Дополнительные рекомендованные ссылки на ресурсы сети Интернет

1. Интернет-портал «study.ru» (Источник)

2. Интернет-портал «native-english.ru» (Источник)

Домашнее задание

1. Стр. 78, упр. 3, учебник Ваулина Ю. Е., Дули Д. Английский язык 9 класс. – М.: Просвещение, 2010.

2. Cтр. 46, упр. 3, раб. тетрадь Ваулина Ю. Е., Дули Д. Английский язык 9 класс. – М.: Просвещение, 2010.

3. Раскройте скобки, ставя прилагательные и наречия в сравнительную или превосходную степень:

1. That is (incredible) story I have ever heard. 2. It is not always (bright) students who do well in tests. 3. Which is (deep), Lake Michigan or Lake Superior? 4. She is far (self-confident) than she used to be. 5. (tall) man among the guests is a basketball player. 6. I like both of them, but I think Kate is (easy) to talk to. 7. Most people are (well off) than their parents used to be. 8. She has a lot to be thankful for; but (sad) thing of all is that she does not realize it. 9. You look a lot (sad) than you did last time I saw you. 10. There is nothing (irritating) than locking yourself out of your own house. 11. Both roads lead to the city centre, but the left-hand one is probably a bit (short) and (direct). 12. As I get (old), I notice the policemen seem to be getting (young).